ࡱ> 9  2bjbj-3l(((<:::8r4D<;,$6,"NNNUWL(+++++++$_- /n+(@U+'NN+'''. 8N(N+'+''O(z*(*N @P6< :$** ,0;,*,/'/*'<< Aplicatiile Electrolizei Paler Alexandru clasa a XII-a A 1. Ce este electroliza? Inainte de anul 1880, energia electrica avea o utilizare foarte limitata in industria chimica, cu toate ca primele cercetari de laborator in domeniul electrochimiei dateaza inca de la inceputul secolului al XIX-lea . Dezvoltarea larga a electrochimiei industriale a inceput abia dupa inventarea si perfectionarea dinamului. Un rol important in dezvoltarea electrochimiei ii revine lui M. Faraday care a formulat legile fundamentale ale electrolizei. Producerea diferitelor fenomene chimice sub actiunea curentului electric la suprafata de contact electrolit-electrod metalic constituie fenomenul de electroliza. Acesta poate fi definit dupa Faraday ca o descompunere permanenta a unei substante sub actiunea curentului electric, caz in care ionii solutiei se vor dirija spre electrodul cu incarcarea electrica opusa celei pe care o iau ionii, unde se depun. Procesele de electroliza se supun legilor lui Faraday, redate prin expresia: m = K * I * t, unde mmasa de substanta depusa la electrodKechivalentul electrochimic al electrolituluiAmasa atomicaNvalenta ionului care se depuneFconstanta lui FaradayIintensitatea curentului (in amperi)treprezinta timpul cat dureaza electroliza Fenomenul de electroliza este complicat si depinde de o serie de factori fizici si chimici, a caror actiune a impus clarificarea a insasi modului prin care se face disocierea unui electrolit sub actiunea curentului electric. Fenomenul consta in migratia ionilor pozitivi catre catod si a ionilor negativi spre anod, cat si in neutralizarea acestora. Astfel, la electrozi, ionii capteaza, respectiv cedeaza electroni, transformandu-se in atomi neutri sau grupe de atomi. Acestia se pot depune ca atare pe electrod sau pot reactiona; cu moleculele dizolvantului, cu electrodul, sau intre ei. Se formeaza astfel produsi secundari ai electrolizei. De fapt, procesele la electrozi, avand loc cu transfer de electroni sunt transformari redox. 2. Aplicatiile electrolizei Industriile electrochimice reprezinta o ramura cu aplicatii importante pentru economia nationala. Aplicarea electrochimiei permite sa se obtina cantitai mari de produse importante, cum sunt: hidrogenul, oxigenul, clorul, hidroxizii alcalini, peoxizii, oxiclorurile etc. Prin electroliza substantelor topite se obtin: sodiu, calciu, magneziu, aluminiu si alte metale. Datorita metodelor eletrochimice s-a reusit sa se realizeze pe scara indsutriala obtinerea unor metale ca: bariu, cesiu, litiu etc. 2.1 Obtinerea metalelor si nemetalelor Metalele din grupele I, a II-a si a III-a principala se obtin industrial prin electroliza topiturilor. Beriliul metalic se obtine prin electroliza unui amestec topit de BeF2 si o fluorura alcalina iar strontiul, un alt metal al grupei a II-a se obtine similar cu calciul. Cu toate ca prin aceste procese electrochimice se consuma mari cantitati de energie electrica, ele sunt utiliate pe scara larga intrucat permit obtinerea metalelor pure necesare in tehnica. Procedeele electrochimice sunt singurele care fac posibila obtinerea metalelor cu potential de oxidare mare. Obtinerea aluminiului este un proces tehnologic complex care cuprinde doua etape distincte: obtinerea aluminei din bauxita si electroliza oxidului de aluminiu. Nemetalul care se obtine pe calea electrolizei este fluorul. Pentru electroliza se utilizeaza un amestec de fluorura de potasiu si acid fluorhidric. Temperatura la care se efectueaza electroliza se stabileste in functie de compozitia electrolitului. Obtinerea aluminiului a fost un dar binevenit. Pana catre sfarsitul secolului al XIX, aluminiul a fost un metal mai rar. Doar cei foarte bogati isi permiteau sa detina obiecte din aluminiu. Charles M. Hall, in varsta de 21 de ani, student la Oberlin, a incercat sa descopere metode ieftine de obtinere ale acestui metal. Greutatile pe care le-a infruntat au fost legate de faptul ca aluminiul este foarte reactiv si era greu sa-l obtina prin reactii chimice obisnuite. Eforturile de a produce aluminiu prin electroliza au fost neroditoare, deoarece sarurile sale anhidre erau greu de preparat, iar oxidul Al2O3, avea un puncte de topire > 2000 , astfel incat, nu exista nici o metoda practica de al topit. In 1886 Hall a descoperit ca Al2O3 dizolva un mineral numir criolit, Na3AlF6, rezultand un amestec, cu un punct de topire relativ mic, din care aluminiul putea fi obtinut prin electroliza. Diagrama de functionare a acestui proces este redata mai jos. Bauxita contine Al2O3. Bauxita este purificata, iar Al2O3 este apoi adaugat electrolitului de topitura de criolit, in care se dizolva si apoi se disociaza. La catod, ionii de aluminiu se reduc si se obtine metalul care formeaza un strat sub electrolitul mai putin dens. La anodul de carbon, ionul oxid este oxidat rezultand O2. Al3+ + 3e- ---> Al(l) (catod) 2 O2- ---> O2(g) + 4e- (anod) 4 Al3+ + 6 O2- ---> 4 Al(l) + 3 O2(g) Oxigenul produs la anod ataca electrodul de carbon, producand CO2, astfel electrodul trebuind schimbat frecvent. 2.2 Metoda de purificare a metalelor Una din aplicatiile electrolizei cu anozi activi (care se consuma in decursul electrolizei) este electrorafinarea. Aceasta metoda este utilizata in procesul de obtinere a cuprului de mare puritate si pentru recuperarea metalelor pretioase. De fapt, rafinarea electrolitica reprezinta ultima etapa in metalurgia cuprului. Electroliza cuprului are loc astfel: In baia de electroliza ce contine ca electrolit o solutie acidulata de CuSO4 se introduc o serie de placi groase de cupru impur si se leaga de anodul sursei de curent. Intre placile anodice se intercaleaza placi subtiri de cupru pur, legate la polul negativ al sursei de curent. In aceste conditii trec in solutie din placile anodice numai ionii de cupru si ionii impuritatilor metalice, care se gasesc in seria tensiunilor electrochimice inaintea cuprului. La catod se descarca numai ionii de cupru, potentialul de descarcare al celorlalti fiind mai ridicat, acestia raman in solutie. Celelalte impuritati cu potentialul mai electropozitiv, aflate in placile anodice de cupru se acumuleaza prin depunere pe fundul baii de electroliza, formand asa-numitul namol anodic care constituie la randul sau o sursa pentru obtinerea acestor elemente. La anod : Cu ---> Cu2+ + 2e- La catod: Cu2+ + 2e- ---> Cu Reactia totala: Cu2+ + Cu ---> Cu ---> Cu2+ 2.3 Metoda de obtinere a unor substante compuse In prezent cea mai mare cantitate din necesarul mondial de hidroxid de sodiu si de potasiu de obtine prin electroliza solutiilor apoase concentrate de clorura de sodiu, respectiv de potasiu. Exista doua procedee de a obtine substante compuse: unul ce se numeste procedeul cu diafragma, deoarece in industrie spatiul catodic este separat de spatiul anodic printr-un perete poros denumir diafragma, si unul ce se numeste procedeul cu catod de mercur, care se foloseste pentru a avita reactiile secundare. Pe plan mondial se observa utilizarea cu prioritate a celulelor cu diafragma, pentru a evita poluarea mediului inconjurator cu mercur. Pentru a obtine NaClO3 Albchem Industries Ltd. foloseste urmatoarea tehnologie: Din minele de sare ce se afla la 1800 m adancime este pompata o solutie de NaCl. Ajunsa in fabrica aceasta solutie este curatata de impuritati si i se elimina taria . Calciul si magneziul sunt eliminati pentru a preveni depunerile la catod, rezultand in pierderi electrice. Solutia astfel pregatita este gata pentru electroliza. Sectia de electroliza consta in 24 de vase si 72 de celule aranjate in serie. Cand sunt conectate la tensiune, se formeaza hidrogen gazos. Hidrogenul misca lichidul formand astfel un circuit intre vas si celula. NaCl este transformat in NaClO3. Hidrogenul este eliminat in atmosfera. Ecuatia reactiei este: NaCl + 3H2O -> NaClO3 + 3H2 Lichidul concentrat continand NaClO3 la o temperatura de 85 C este turnata intr-un vas unde are loc cristalizarea. Apoi cristalele sunt spalate din nou si NaClO3 este depozitat fiind gata pentru livrare.  2.4 Electroplacarea Consta in aplicarea unui start fin, ornamental si protector al unui metal pe altul. Este o tehnica comuna utilizata pentru a imbunatati aparenta si durabilitatea unor obiecte metalice. De exemplu aur si platina sunt aplicate pe bijuterii fabricate din materiale ieftine. Grosimea acestor starturi variaza intre 0.03 si 0.05 mm. Compozitia baii de electrolit variaza, si este des tinuta secret, dar de obicei ea depinde metal ce urmeaza a fi depozitat, si poate afecta durabilitatea si caliatatea suprafetei. De exemplu, argintul depus dintr-o solutie de nitrat de argint nu se lipeste prea bine de o suprafata metalica. Daca este depus dint-o solutie ce contine ioni de Ag(CN)2-, atunci el adera bine si capata si luciu. Alte metale ce sunt electroplacate in asemenea bai sunt aurul si cadmiul. Nichelul, ce poate si el fi folosit ca start protector, este placat dintr-o solutie de sulfat de nichel, iar cromul este placat dint-o solutie de H2CrO4. Anumiti monomeri (stiren) sunt usor de folosit pentru a crea anioni organici. Acesti anioni pot polimeriza intr-un proces numit polimerizare anionica. Se poate folosi un circuit electric pentru a porni acest proces, polimerul localizandu-se la catod. Daca este gandit bine procesul, se poate utiliza la placarea organica a metalui. Acest proces a fost folosit pentru a vopsi masinile noi, avantajul constand ca el are loc in apa, nemaifiind nevoie de spray-uri cu solventi organici volatili. 2.5 Alte aplicatii Electroliza se mai utilizeaza in instrumente de masurare ale pH-ului. Aceste instrumente compara pH solutiei cu cel al electrodului corespunzator. O alta aplicatie este utilizarea electrolizei la eliminarea parului nedorit de pe corp. Eliminarea parului are loc prin aplicarea unei tensiuni f. mici intr-o solutie de NaCl ce se afla la radacina parului. In urma electrolizei rezulta NaOH ce arde radacina parului, distrugand firul. Aceasta tehnica este scumpa cat-de-cat si detine si critici. Produce durere in functie de zona ce este electrocutata, durerea putand chiar fi uriasa in cazul nor tensiuni putin prea mari. Electroliza se mai utilizeaza in industria uleiului comestibil, in instalatiile de intarire a grasimilor atata animale cat si vegetale. Bibliografie: Mark S. Wrighton, "Electrolysis," Discovery Channel School, original content provided by World Book Online, http://www.discoveryschool.com/homeworkhelp/ worldbook/atozscience/e/177180.html http://www.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/chem2/electro9.htm http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may98/893874472.Ch.r.html http://host2.mbcomms.net.au/tg/gtg/tfb-elect.html Sanda Fatu, Cornelia Costin, Adina Toescu, Chimie, manual pentru clasa a XII-a, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1997 Constantin Ionescu, Chimie Fizica, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1982 Cuprins:  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765425" 1. Ce este electroliza?  PAGEREF _Toc532765425 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765426" 2. Aplicatiile electrolizei  PAGEREF _Toc532765426 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765427" 2.1 Obtinerea metalelor si nemetalelor  PAGEREF _Toc532765427 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765428" 2.2 Metoda de purificare a metalelor  PAGEREF _Toc532765428 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765429" 2.3 Metoda de obtinere a unor substante compuse  PAGEREF _Toc532765429 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765430" 2.4 Electroplacarea  PAGEREF _Toc532765430 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765431" 2.5 Alte aplicatii  PAGEREF _Toc532765431 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc532765432" Bibliografie:  PAGEREF _Toc532765432 \h 6  Aplicatiile electrolizei PAGE  PAGE 6 '67GPh 2 &M,-01'(*+-/45MPVW_`mouw'KWÿÿH*aJaJH*H*jCJUmHnHuCJCJ6]CJ6CJOJQJ]6OJQJ]6CJOJQJ]K "#$%&'7GHIJKLMNOPh$a$$a$122h-'-/1VWY[HU$$IflFS+j    4 la> $If` $$Ifa$ $$If`a$   l $$Ifa$ $$If`a$U$$IflFS+j    4 la> $If`  1 2 3   2 @ %&M]("$`a$U$$IflFS+j    4 la> $If` $$Ifa$"*Ji'IJK{I ""######$`a$$^a$^`$`a$  .0EGIK{:  """"""""########n&o&p&x'y'|'}'((o))x,y,,,,$.G...........////̲&j>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHuCJH* jUH*6]CJ5\aJH*aJB##%''m)n)o))*+w,x,y,z,{,|,},~,,,,,,,,^$^a$$a$$`a$$a$,,P----z........L//0z00B1111122 $a$ C(  C(  & F^/*/+/,/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/j/k/l/m//////////////////// 00000000010ƸƸƸtƸj UmHnHu&jw >*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu&j}>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0JCJmHnHu-10203040X0Y0Z0t0u0v0w0x0y0z0{0|00000000000000000 1 1 1 1 1!1"1<1=1>1δ֮Ό֮xjj UmHnHu&je >*B*UmHnHphuj UmHnHu&jk >*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuj UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHuj0JUmHnHu&jq >*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu)>1?1@1A1B1C1D1`1a1b1c1u1v1w11111111111111111111111111222 2 2 2ѽћߑ~{tqtq0J j0JUCJ jUjUmHnHu0JCJmHnHu&jY>*B*UmHnHphuj UmHnHu&j_ >*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu,2 222222222 2$h]ha$h]h&`#$ 22222222 20JmHnHu0J j0JU# 01h/ =!"#$%nt nF銫ouxEa1FPNG  IHDRnjIsRGBPLTEf3̙f3f3ffffff3f3333f333f3f3̙f3̙̙̙̙f̙3̙ffffff3f3333f333f3̙f3̙̙f3̙f3ff̙ffff3f33̙33f333̙f3ffffff3ffff̙fff3fffffff3ffffffffffff3fff3f3f3f3ff33f3ffffff3f3333f333333̙3f3333333f3333f3f3f3ff3f33f33333333f333333333f333f3̙f3f3ffffff3f3333f333f3wUD"wUD"wUD"ݻwwwUUUDDD""" IDATx^흋v _1 wL`ugLmC@Ϟ~ _O {Gk㟤fh~}?8xNiV!C~vYnZ7ϋ>|lĺ]B*~J'Q8nW.i-ɇ7[fM^{( CJ o։}x2nH|Vkq13rњ՗MOMVw=5%ss{ j/-Gg͵.ͱM*G_<ߣUq׮ոJ[uͳ6, 4'+~< @E Mug|'a. 1LsU_ }7 ^ݲ8cުT~;8Yid1H-LjOT9;S{ l!%7UYrS{e cj0pLJi}TIveEy$wRpwqKf 8~˳F3aĤ_gӫ7ppS[r/&f,ܧŢs?&?0"ȮJD&CgIx>X צ}6>N p{4n :GjTC uRk YeCSM>/.ܕTOLV wxA|1 [J3wmX6Do"HŠelgFqko>XUpnIF6 J{vpSj0Å9lJ>MȖu#o[U^f!|7]bC^= ͭٔxT)O&or$_ى(C?n7ӿpCq0 ppn1Q. vF cy-gSbѨ|ĀۇQ pAG6nF-m#>ZnWs1x{K7y|A u]@W,t|J#Z:8G8ZSn9S(tWCVHw|I]2#$~{MjIpsŀ{d)7W MIpsŀ{d)7W MIpsŀ㩔n^KٓfIM{s'Imn:p&n/&=w1uB[kfGEW5Xۺ[?pgܗnzv[nݗ=oSx NWl{V=_p'}Y7pmhMXՙؒr^7ZUKF|/yYݽXy6L/ _m7CWB\w;%m(#_>uʝ=6rm${S^IN~0'41@ O %l彘m!`I..za'f]J{=gDŽKv]ÐZ|Bi90SE&qp1H"fbV9*yxrD5?0q4s:yˬIzo9 G^/Q&*ضa$S"!G}D5Oz(͏!r =usafY{D̊_9pI>oCű}x61HYpFћ<8&_CPrlg|DBs ;Y囋ԗf^9!{5cae̋MY+k7U҄[Y.:8%{R$ 8M/     `"K CH#P&]5{@iͰ]k5d'A@<H+cgR-RT\,9i:~-ǽMb@gg)wo2(s lIBvwlI5yҼIENDB`nO ̭|͉+!;dPNG  IHDR= ZPLTEf3̙f3f3ffffff3f3333f333f3f3̙f3̙̙̙̙f̙3̙ffffff3f3333f333f3̙f3̙̙f3̙f3ff̙ffff3f33̙33f333̙f3ffffff3ffff̙fff3fffffff3ffffffffffff3fff3f3f3f3ff33f3ffffff3f3333f333333̙3f3333333f3333f3f3f3ff3f33f33333333f333333333f333f3̙f3f3ffffff3f3333f333f3wUD"wUD"wUD"ݻwwwUUUDDD"""bKGDH cmPPJCmp0712HsIDATx^흋 n "Z!/{zc4 ֿ?.$@$@$@Y!> A -AT|&ݢ'Mt41jqW?'޾G zaXnj)[H虇17`5(nѕ5 zǔ.[5릂H" U18].oNR*1g$RNuRʶ^R:et,KXɬw)zQ^NYC O0ҫ<sp t&rCϽNO4?=9N!&i>hzH"v|c#>.A1͇cw\%b"|kvzHGzo_A~D jyNzs^.TSW -LTG =v3p>^5y?;}RO' [3qG>dtV/6HiIaaNC/V>p|-s|ls5ߣ+_k3x+Li܌-׌݅ZK.?/+9-Kһd1tTe ֚+iZ2\ M9ejԕ{wi.Sὒ;)/hԶU"nV.zu:vߪr?IKJe.7/:x%Tv|n"zeu^[MA-z9}~*y0\8֟dw*.\IGϝżbl)ΦBZZvZE{[Wsq^pwm|c.HKys#=d10#=kBnaW ^;+HH63Y Q VEI#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=C Zz#=H!h=U-p4WSwFG]>jv]]~3|>3ޗihfy47ҋ%* d6-ZneCeJzo7{Ƨ0vh~/^\cG8z~ZuV$\z;b;B|9zHM O(<@;@p#=Be\߮Zl{[H$!U vzȦIEζ"`W"kIY\{s"YФ-$3d/r=oGJm\LBSag@2g4O>nێa9N0TNizD9 +~ ϿUIʦzc8lE<uu|-hիQӵtT<+*y#Mҹ0?0h|nH%3+("fJ֪.k q:x겕L/zʦ?Bire7M_Ƹepʊ c>%oˣj I"PڲmWO o<)e܎I1:g .I[GY$  ٶIENDB`Dd*|  c JA&a?..\..\acprocph.jpg"Ró"1WsR]DpFó"1WsR]JFIF   & $!,!$'(***.1.)1&)*(  (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((  }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyzw!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz" ?-8 ǽՁգ-hDfY 0fJ!%R{4H) vT# Zv+ cl +<܋)w\3`PW wM4%#@R|ٺoKˌ@ Rw͌B(?O:O?K&7` $=|H+&dK&7-si?<Χ$eh+:Ph`  ( K'.)p(F){1@ F)PqRRh4RACxGM #&@D2M;SN6ԛi;y#qځ@6i{ӂt9'~sRigjp=)qLn)fiRSZiS.֓d}7?QNn?J.11F)إ!i&#i1b)أGLTqM3P1I~)1@ "RbE!)Ȧ4) aڐm0#"EJiȤL %%?C1KRL֝j1@+Ӏu؁\t?K}K{k Ȏrۗ8ҴO]&* ;_ם-jjmr™ n=N(@TeFRcxKm]y Bæzfnf?ct,G'WZl,$s{`:d`EV?WR:, m{@c0i6Xt _Go:p~'Es~w51U1qS Zut w@###g܏hi6_KGl?¼=gXO25ǵRAqձuˋ/wpͨݯݓpHu+slTtbmҳ~jZޣx%X `<+SF\_On"RNNP ()@&)@S1Ncq] \ \P6\SF=4'ڗ iSN J)ÊLQN0HsNǥ.8 h4 qyS"`aSҌP1<.8!iqNnJ6@ºѼf?k{[p*Z*GB3 =MtAzWbKH._ ˓^ԆIZ p?- ¥nђ@Vڻ'}(y4Oo\JrgKz`}zՉ}Vs]?弞hǜW54xloα:$01ZWhqrp;Rk 7=Z͸'J;p+tSj =n6o31-}N&s Fh֗:y*b鏭uֿ !<u1W8qS^'q=L##ֽSc6ԯZ0qI4. 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