ࡱ> 796~7 $bjbjUU Z7|7|Cl||||j j j j $ <- j,,,,,,,$7/ W1T -Q -]|| j7]-]]]4| j,],]]/2+h,j `j j +,s-0-+11,]||||PROIECT DE LECbIE DATA: 05.11.2003 CLASA:a XI a A, B, C DISCIPLINA: CHIMIE TITLUL LECbIEI:  ALCANI  IZOMERIE ^I STRUCTUR TIPUL LECbIEI: PREDARE, COMUNICARE DE NOI CUNO^TINbE OBIECTIVELE OPERAbIONALE La sfr_itul lecciei, elevii trebuie: S defineasc nociunile de izomeri, izomerie de caten; S scrie izomerii de caten ai n alcanilor; S scrie formule structurale desfcute _i restrnse; S denumeasc corect compu_ii organici, conform regulei de denumire; S explice structura alcanilor (metanului). STRATEGIA DIDACTIC METODELE DIDACTICE Conversacia euristic; Discucia dirijat; Explicacia; Feed back ul; Schematizarea de noi cuno_tince. MIJLOACELE DE NVbMNT Manualul; Tabele. DESF^URAREA LECbIEI Moment organizatoric Notarea absencelor. Verificarea cuno_tincelor anterioare Profesorul propune elevilor cteva ntrebri: S se clasifice compu_ii organici? S se clasifice radicalii alchil? Cum se formeaz un radical? PREDAREA NOILOR CUNO^TINbE Se anunc trecerea la o nou leccie; Se scrie titlul pe tabl:  Alcani  izomerie _i structur Izomerie. Atomii din metan, etan _i propan nu se pot aranja dect ntr-un singur mod, adic: Pentru butan exist dou posibilitci de aranjare a catenei:  Cei doi termeni au aceea_i formul molecular C4H10 dar structuri diferite, deci _i proprietci diferite. Ace_ti doi compu_i sunt izomeri. Pentru c n acest caz izomeria se datore_te ramificrii catenei, ea poart numele de izomerie de caten. Pentru a nu se crea confuzii de nomenclatur, toci izomerii de caten ai alcanilor se denumesc dup urmtoarea regul: Se stabile_te cea mai lung caten liniar, se numeroteaz de la un capt la altul atomii de carbon, n a_a fel nct catena lateral s ocupe pozicia cu numrul cel mai mic, se denumesc ca radicali catenele laterale (ramificrile), se indic pozicia sa prin cifre _i la sfr_it se adaug numele alcanului cu catena liniar stabilit. Exemplu  Se nume_te: 2-metil-pentan. n cazul izoalcanilor cu mai multe ramificri numerotarea catenei de baz trebuie s se fac astfel nct suma indicilor care arat pozicia ramificrilor s fie minim. Citirea radicalilor se face n ordine alfabetic, astfel etilul va fi mencionat naintea metilului. Prezenca mai multor radicali identici se indic prin prefixe: di, tri, etc. Exemplu: care este denumirea corect a izoalcanului cu formula:  Catena cea mai lung este cea alctuit din _ase atomi de carbon; deci baza denumirii o va constitui numele alcanului corespunztor  hexanul. Numerotarea atomilor de carbon se poate face ns n dou moduri _i anume: Pe baza regulei generale, substanca de mai sus poate fi denumit astfel: 3-etil-5,5-dimetil hexan sau 4-etil-2,2-dimetil hexan.  Dintre cele dou denumiri posibile, este corect ultima, suma indicilor de pozicie (2+2+4=8) fiind mai mic dect n primul caz (5+5+3=13). Denumici izobutanul, cinnd seama de regula formulat mai sus. Care este denumirea corect pentru un izomer al octanului: 2,2,4-trimetil pentan sau 2,4,4-trimetil pentan? Scrieci formula structural a izomerului. Structura. n molecula alcanilor toci atomii de carbon au starea de hibridizare sp3. n aceast stare unghiurile dintre valencele atomului de carbon sunt de 109o28`; ele sunt orientate n spaciu dup direcciile celor patru vrfuri ale unui tetraedru regulat. Modelele spaciale ale primilor doi termeni ai seriei alcanilor sunt redate n figura 1. Datorit orientrii tetraedrice, n hidrocarburile cu doi _i mai mulci atomi de carbon, legtura C C permite rotacia liber a celor dou grupe de atomi pe care le une_te. Hidrocarburile cu catene liniare au de fapt forma de linii frnte, care din cauza rotaciei libere pot lua forme variabile. Cea mai stabil este ns forma n zigzag, cu toci atomii de carbon n acela_i plan, ca n figura 2.   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20  Figura 1. 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