ࡱ>     7 0TbjbjUU 7|7|0:lDDDDDDDXttttdXEcBx %%%%'''bbbbbbbd f|buD'''''bRDD%%bRRR'$D%D%bR'bRRY!Z[DDZ%l 03@EXtL@|ZZc0EcZ#gR#gZRXXDDDDElev: BDIL VICTOR-IOAN Clasa a VII-a E Colegiul Nacional "Mihai Eminescu" Bucure_ti ISTORIA SISTEMULUI PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELOR nc din antichitate, aproximativ prin anii 400 .e.n, n Grecia antic s-au folosit cuvintele "element" _i "atom" pentru a desemna diferencele dintre diferitele prci ale materiei _i pentru a desemna prcile cele mai mici care alctuiesc materia. n secolul al XVIII-lea, marele chimist francez Antoine Lavoiser, n lucrarea sa "'Trait Elmentaire de Chimie" (Tratat de chimie elementar), aprut n 1789, a mprcit cele 33 de elemente cunoscute la vremea sa n patru grupe n funccie de proprietcile lor chimice: gaze, nemetale, metale, _i pmnturi n secolul al XIX-lea, n anul 1869 cercettorul german Johann Dbereiner a notat faptul c elementele asemntoare au mase atomice apropiate. El a eleborat a_a-zisa Lege a Triadelor care consta n mprcirea elementelor n grupe de cte trei elemente similare n care proprietcile elementului din mijloc puteau fi deduse din proprietcile elementului celui mai greu _i ale elementului celui mai u_or. Iat cteva exemple de triade din acest tabel: litiu, sodiu _i potasiu, sulf, seleniu _i teluriu sau clor, brom _i iod. Cercettorul francez De Chancourtois a realizat un tabel cilindric al elementelor pentru a arta reaparicia periodic a proprietcilor elementelor chimice. n 1865, un alt cercetator care a ncercat clasificarea elementelor a fost englezul John Newlands, profesor la ^coala de Medicin din Londra. El a a_ezat elementele ntr-o tabel alctuit din 7 coloane n ordinea cresctoare a masei atomice. El a evidenciat faptul c elementele cu proprietci asemntoare apar la intervale de 8 elemente _i a eleborat a_a-zisa Lege a octavelor. Alte contribucii la clasificarea elementelor chimice, au mai adus cercettorul englez Wiliam Olding, n 1864 _i cercettorul german Julius Lothar Meyer n 1868. W. Olding a realizat un tabel foarte asemntor cu cel realizat mai trziu de Mendeleev. Grupele sunt aranjate pe orizontal iar elementele sunt a_ezate n ordinea masei atomice. n tabel s-au lsat spacii libere pentru elementele nedescoperite. Chimistul german Julius Lothar Meyer a realizat un tabel al elementelor chimice n 1864, apoi o a doua versiune n 1868, elementele fiind a_ezate n ordinea masei atomice. Mayer _i-a publicat lucrarea mult mai trziu dect Mendeleev, astfel nct nu a putut avea prioritate n acest domeniu. Se pare c cei doi chimi_ti, Meyer _i Mendeleev au descoperit sistemul periodic al elementelor n acela_i timp. Cel care este unanim acceptat ca fiind descoperitorul sistemului periodic modern al elementelor a fost chimistul rus Dimitri Ivanovici Mendeleev. Versiunea final a sistemului periodic din 1871 a lasat spatii libere sugernd c alte elemente chimice vor fi descoperite mai tarziu. Elementul 101 a fost numit dupa Dimitri Ivanovici Mendeleev (1834-1907), care a descoperit "Sistemul periodic al elementelor" aranjat sub forma de tabela si continuu perfectionat intre 1868 si 1871. Prin gruparea celor 62 de elemente, cunoscute pe vremea sa, in ordinea crescnd a greutcii lor atomice, Mendeleev a demonstrat o revenire periodic a proprietcilor _i a prezis proprietcile elementelor care ar fi trebuit sa existe, dar care nu fusesera descoperite. De_i inicial sistemul su nu s-a bucurat de acceptarea generala, descoperirea elementelor care lipseau si care aveau proprietatile prezise de el a fost hotaratoare pentru confirmarea valabilitatii teoriei sale si care in forma actuala constituie un concept fundamental al chimiei moderne. Sistemul periodic numara 118 elemente chimice, din care 90 se gasesc in stare naturala (2 lichide, 11 gaze si 77 solide) iar altele 28 artificiale. Pana in 1984 s-au produs din acestea 6 845 000 de compusi, din care 65000 cu utilizari curente. Dmitri Ivanovici Mendeleev s-a nascut in Tobolsk, Siberia la 8 februarie 1834. Dupa orbirea si apoi moartea tatalui sau in 1847, mama sa a pus in functiune o fabrica de sticla. Dupa ce fabrica a fost distrusa de flacarile unui incendiu, familia s-a mutat mai intai la Moscova iar apoi la St. Petersburg unde D.I. Mendeleev a urmat cursurile "Institutului Pedagogic". A devenit profesor in 1855 si a fost trimis la sud de Odessa pentru a-si continua studiul in chimie. Primul sau post universitar l-a obtinut in 1857 si a fost trimis la Universitatea din Heidelberg (1859-1861) pentru a-si continua studiile. intors inapoi la St.Petersburg, a inceput sa scrie si sa editeze lucrari stiintifice. A devenit profesor de chimie la "Institutul Tehnic". n 1864. cartea sa, "Principiile chimiei" a fost publicat n 1868-1870. n timpul scrierii crcii, D.I.Mendeleev a nceput sa cerceteze relaciile dintre elementele chimice. n urma acestor cercetri a aprut "Sistemul Periodic al elementelor" care prezenta lista tuturor elementelor aranjate dup masa atomica _i aranjate n diferite grupe. Cand tabelul a fost acceptat, a devenit foarte utilizat pentru ncelegerea procesului de disociere radioactiv prin care un element este transformat n altul. Mendeleev a avut contribucii substanciale la dezvoltarea industriei _i agriculturii din Rusia. A murit la 2 februarie 1907. n secolul XX, sistemul periodic al elementelor a fost completat cu noi elemente descoperite; n prezent sistemul periodic are 118 elemente. Sistemul periodic modern seamn cu cel realizat de Mendeleev, elementele fiind aranjate n funccie de masa atomic, la care s-a adugat grupa 0 (grupa gazelor rare). Aceast grup a fost adugat de chimistul american Ramsay. Mai trziu, sistemul periodic a fost rearanjat de ctre americanul Mosely cinndu-se cont de numrul atomic (sarcina nuclear), _i nu de masa atomic. mbuntciri importante de ultim or ale sistemului periodic au fost aduse de americanul Roy Alexander n 1994. El a realizat un tabel tridimensional al elementelor chimice.Toate elementele sunt aranjate ntr-o secvenc continu n funccie de numrul atomic. Elementele din grupele 0, Ia, IIa, IIIb, IVb, Vb _i VIIIb se afl n partea de sus a unui "tub ; deasupra acestuia se afl un "cerc" al hidrogenului. Din partea de jos a acesui tub porne_te o bucl ce cuprinde grupele IIIa, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa, VIII, Ib, _i IIb. Din jumtatea de jos a acestei bucle porne_te o a treia bucl, cea mai lung. Iat n imaginea de mai jos, forma tridimensional a sistemului periodic al elementelor: SISTEMUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELOR PRIVATE GrupaHYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metals"1HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_earth_metals"2345678910HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_Metals"1112HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_group"13HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_group"14HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen"15HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen"16HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"17HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas"18IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIPerioada11 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"H2 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"He23 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium"Li4 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium"Be5 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"B6 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"C7 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"N8 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"O9 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"F10 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"Ne311 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"Na12 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"Mg13 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"Al14 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"Si15 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"P16 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"S17 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"Cl18 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"Ar419 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"K20 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"Ca21 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium"Sc22 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"Ti23 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium"V24 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"Cr25 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"Mn26 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"Fe27 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"Co28 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"Ni29 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"Cu30 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"Zn31 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium"Ga32 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium"Ge33 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"As34 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium"Se35 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"Br36 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton"Kr537 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium"Rb38 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium"Sr39 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium"Y40 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"Zr41 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium"Nb42 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"Mo43 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium"Tc44 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium"Ru45 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium"Rh46 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"Pd47 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"Ag48 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"Cd49 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium"In50 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"Sn51 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"Sb52 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium"Te53 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"I54 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"Xe655 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium"Cs56 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium"Ba* 72 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium"Hf73 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum"Ta74 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"W75 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium"Re76 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium"Os77 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_(element)"Ir78 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum"Pt79 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"Au80 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"Hg81 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium"Tl82 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"Pb83 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth"Bi84 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium"Po85 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine"At86 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon"Rn787 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium"Fr88 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium"Ra? 104 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium"Rf105 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium"Db106 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium"Sg107 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium"Bh108 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium"Hs109 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium"Mt110 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununnilium"Uun111 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unununium"Uuu112 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununbium"Uub113 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium"Uut114 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadium"Uuq115 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium"Uup116 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexium"Uuh117 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium"Uus118 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctium"Uuo PRIVATEHYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide"Lantanide57 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum"La58 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium"Ce59 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium"Pr60 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium"Nd61 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium"Pm62 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium"Sm63 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium"Eu64 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium"Gd65 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium"Tb66 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium"Dy67 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium"Ho68 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium"Er69 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium"Tm70 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium"Yb71 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium"LuHYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide"Actinides89 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium"Ac90 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"Th91 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium"Pa92 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"U93 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium"Np94 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"Pu95 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium"Am96 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium"Cm97 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium"Bk98 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium"Cf99 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium"Es100 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium"Fm101 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium"Md102 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium"No103 HYPERLINK "http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrencium"Lr Bibliografie: ENCHARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2002 WIKIPEDIA, a free encyclopedia from Internet HYPERLINK "history_ii.html"history_ii.htmlINCLUDEPICTURE \d "../graphic/blugobut.jpg"HYPERLINK "history_ii.html"history_ii.htmlHYPERLINK "http://www.chemsoc.org/index.htm"http://www.chemsoc.org/index.htmINCLUDEPICTURE \d "../graphic/homeve.gif"HYPERLINK "http://www.chemsoc.org/index.htm"http://www.chemsoc.org/index.htm  ^pXx.6  `zb|.24((((++>,J,----ƿ CJOJQJ6OJQJ5 5mHsHmHsH 5B*ph5B*CJOJQJTph5B*CJOJQJTph 5B*CJOJQJmHphsH5B*CJOJQJph@2R` ~ 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5B*ph:LLLLLL%M&M'M)M*M.M/McMdMeMgMhMlMmMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNPNQNRNTNUNYNZNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0J5j5B*Uph 5B*phj5B*UphjUjYUjUjUj$UjaUjU0J jU=N O OOOOOOGOHOIOKOLOPOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPP;P?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOQPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcQdefghijklmnopqrstuvwQxyz{|}~qy DyK yK Xhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metalsDyK yK dhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_earth_metalsDyK yK Zhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_MetalsDyK yK Thttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_groupDyK yK Vhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_groupDyK yK Phttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/PnictogenDyK yK Phttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChalcogenDyK yK Lhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/HalogenDyK yK Phttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas($$IfTּU) yM!qE !#% (PPPP4 a($$IfTּU) yM!qE !#% (PPPP4 aD$$IfTּU) yM!qE !#%  PPPP4 aDyK yK Nhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydrogenDyK yK Jhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium($$IfTּU) yM!qE !#% (hPPPP4 aDyK yK Lhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/LithiumDyK yK Phttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerylliumDyK yK 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