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Referat la
Biologie
Calin
Alexandru
Cls. VII F
Inima
Unul din bunurile noastre cele mai de pret, inima pompeaza sange in intregul corp, asigurand oxigen si hrana organelor si tesuturilor.
Am ales acest capitol deoarece inima este cea mai importanta componenta din organismul nostru.
Aproximativ de marimea unui pumn, inima este situata in partea superioara a corpului, in spatele cutiei toracice, fiind aproape inconjurata de plamani. Pentru o localizare mai perfecta, precizam ca inima e situata in partea stanga la circa patru sau cinci centimetri fata de linia mediana.
O pompa puternica
Prin pulsatii regulate dilatandu-se si contracdandu-se inima pompeaza sange in intregul corp. Fiecare contractie urmata de o relaxare e denumita bataie a inimii. Inima se aseamana cu un sac de muschi, cu pereti grosi. De fiecare data cand se relaxeaza, se umple cu sangele adus de vase de sange numite vene. Apoi se contracteaza si impinge sangele in vase de sange numite artere.
Prin intermediul valvelor, sangele ce tocmai a fost pompat din inima e impiedicat sa patrunda inapoi.. Valvele sunt elastice, au o forma de clapa si sunt fixate pe peretii interiori ai inimii.
Sangele ce se deplaseaza cu forta intr-o anumita directie exercita o presiune asupra valvelor, lipindu-le de pereti, astfel incat sa poata trece cu usurinta. Daca sangele incearca sa curga in directie inversa valvele se umfla si il opresc. Valvele imprima sangelui ce circula prin inima o anumita directie-asemenea unui rau-caci in lipsa lor, sangele ar iesi si apoi ar reintra in inima.
Pulsul
Cu fiecare bataie a inimii arterele se dilata datorita presiunii. Valurile de presiune sunt transmise de-a lungul tuturor arterelor. Fiecare dilatare sau puls este generat de o bataie a inimii. Pulsul arata cat de repede pompeaza inima si este exprimat in batai pe minut.
Considerat a fi una din marile descoperiri ale medicinii moderne, transplantul de inima poate reda viata celor cu boli de inima atat de grave incat orice speranta a fost abandonata. In timpul operatiei inima artificiala preia sarcina de pompare si oxigenare a sangelui, cat timp pacientul ramane fara inima. Acest aparat creaza conditile necesare operatilor pe cord deschis, in timp ce inma este golita si nu mai functioneaza.
La trei zile dupa un transplant de inima, conditia fizica a pacientului e testata pe o bicicleta pentru exercitii.
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Cat de mult sange avem?
Un adult are aproximativ 5l de sange. Inima il pompeaza fara oprire in corp, intr-un circuit neintrerupt. Viteza cu care curge sangele depinde de cat de repede bate inima si cu ce putere.
De regula inima unui copil bate mai repede decat cea a unui adult. Un nou nascut ce doarme are o inima de marimea unei capsuni, ce cantareste 20 de grame si pompeaza cu aprox. 120 de batai pe minut. La varsta de 10 ani nr. batailor scade la aprox. 90. In medie inima unui adult cantareste 300 de grame; la barbati nr. de batai pe minut e putin peste 70, iar la femei se apropie de 80.
La fiecare bataie sunt evacuati din inima 70-80 mililitri de sange. Intr-o ora inima pompeaza aproape 350 de litri de sange - destul pentru a umple rezervoarele a sase masini.
Ingrijirea inimii
Majoritatea partilor corpului folosesc doar o treime din oxigenul adus de sange; dar inima utilizeaza trei sferturi din oxigenul adus de arterele coronariere. Acest fapt arata cat de intens lucreaza inima, pompand in fiecare secunda a vietii noastre. De asemenea ne arata ca in ceea ce priveste inima nu exista nici o marja de siguranta.
De aceea e necesar sa avem grija de aceasta pompa atat de valoroasa.
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